How Were Windows Made in the Dark Ages?

In the Dark Ages, which generally refer to the early medieval period in Europe from approximately the 5th to 10th centuries, windows were vastly different from the modern ones we know today. Their construction and materials reflected the technological and cultural limitations of the time.

Materials

The primary materials used in constructing windows during this era included:

Wood: Wood was a readily available and easy-to-work-with material, making it the most common choice. Wood frames provided a stable and weather-resistant base for windows. Animal Hides: In simpler structures, animal hides were sometimes used as window coverings. This allowed light to enter but provided minimal visibility and protection from the elements. Glass: The use of glass became more prevalent towards the later parts of the medieval period. Early glass was small, thick, and uneven, produced using techniques that did not allow for large panes. It was used mainly for decorative or high-status buildings. Oiled Paper or Cloth: In some regions, oiled paper or cloth was used, offering a degree of light transmission while protecting from wind and rain.

Design

The design of windows in the Dark Ages was quite simple:

Simple Openings: Many windows were merely openings in the wall, allowing light and air to enter. These were often placed high to prevent potential intruders. Shutters: Wooden shutters were commonly used to close off window openings at night or during bad weather. They provided security and insulation. Small Panes: When glass was used, it was typically in the form of small, leaded panes set into a wooden frame. This technique was more refined in the later medieval period.

Construction Techniques

The construction of windows involved several basic techniques:

Masonry and Timber Framing: Windows were often built into the walls using basic masonry or timber framing techniques. The frames were integrated into stone or timber structures for stability and durability. Lead Cames: As glass became more common, lead came, which are strips of lead, were used to hold the glass panes together in a decorative pattern. This technique later developed into stained glass windows in churches and cathedrals.

Evolution

Over time, the use of larger glass panes and more sophisticated window designs became more prevalent in the late medieval period and into the Renaissance. This evolution was driven by improvements in glass-making techniques.

Overall, windows in the Dark Ages played a basic and functional role, primarily serving to let in light while providing some protection against the elements. Their design and materials reflected the resourcefulness and limitations of the era.