Shields in Medieval Europe: Beyond the Myth of Universal Usage
The traditional narrative of Medieval Europe often portrays soldiers as heavily reliant on shields for protection, with these vital pieces of armor being an almost universal accessory. However, recent historiographical research by Dr. Rupert Sheppard from the University of Southampton has challenged this idea, revealing that shields were not universally carried by soldiers during the late medieval period.
The Recent Study
Dr. Sheppard's study, based on an extensive survey of images from manuscripts and sculptures of the late medieval period, found that shields were predominantly used by a minority of fighters. This finding contradicts the previously held belief that shields were indispensable for every soldier. The methodology involved careful analysis of historical depictions, allowing for a more nuanced understanding of medieval military practices.
The Historical Context
The shift in the use of shields from a universal necessity to an accessory of minority fighters can be attributed to several factors. As armor evolved, particularly the development of more effective plate and chain mail, the need for an additional layer of protection like a shield diminished. This allowed soldiers to carry and use two-handed weapons more effectively, such as poleaxes and other similar arms.
Role of Shields Among Different Soldiers
The variations in shield usage among soldiers were substantial. For example, archers faced significant limitations when it came to shield use, as holding a shield would impede their ability to shoot. Men-at-arms, who were heavily armored, were less likely to carry shields because their elaborate armor provided sufficient protection. However, the effectiveness of this armor was not always foolproof. Instances like the Battle of Crecy in 1346 highlight that armor alone was not a guarantee of survival, as crossbowmen and other archers were still killed by arrows and war axes.
Early Medieval Period and Shield Usage
In the early medieval period, when chain mail was the standard armor and plate armor was rare, the use of shields was most prevalent. This was especially true for crossbowmen, as they needed the shields to protect themselves from enemy projectiles when reloading. However, even these large shields were sometimes carried by a second man, rather than being held by the crossbowman themselves. A notable incident from the Battle of Crecy in 1346 involved Genoese crossbowmen whose shields were left behind on the wagon trains, leading to an easily exploited vulnerability.
Conclusion
The reevaluation of shield usage in medieval Europe underscore the dynamic nature of historical understanding. As historiography continues to evolve, it is crucial to reassess traditional narratives based on rigorous examination of primary sources. Dr. Sheppard's study not only challenges a long-held belief but also opens up new avenues for discussing the complexity of medieval warfare and strategy.
Historical References
Further reading and reference materials are available for those interested in delving deeper into the subject. Key sources include historical accounts, archaeological findings, and scholarly articles discussing the evolution of medieval armor and weaponry.