What Happens if a Tank Shell's Penetration Value is Just Below the Armor Thickness?
When a tank shell's penetration value is just slightly below the thickness of the armor it strikes, a myriad of outcomes can occur. Understanding these outcomes is crucial for both military strategies and defensive technology.
Outcomes When Penetration is Below Armor Thickness
The primary outcomes are deflection, deformation, energy absorption, cratering, and shock effects. Each of these outcomes can have severe implications for the tank and its crew.
Deflection
One of the most common outcomes is deflection. If the shell strikes the armor at a steep angle, it may ricochet off the surface. The effectiveness of deflection depends on the material properties of both the shell and the armor. Stepper angles and softer materials can significantly increase the likelihood of deflection.
Deformation
Another possibility is deformation. If the shell is made of a softer material, it may crumple or flatten upon impact, leading to a partial transfer of energy but failing to penetrate the armor. This can be particularly dangerous for the crew inside the tank, as the shell may disintegrate and cause internal damage.
Energy Absorption
The impact can also lead to energy absorption by the armor, without penetration. This can cause spalling, where fragments of the armor are dislodged. While these fragments can be harmful, they do not penetrate the armor, providing some measure of protection for the crew. However, continuous spalling can weaken the armor over time.
Cratering
In some cases, the armor may develop a crater or dent due to impact. This can weaken the armor, especially if multiple impacts occur in the same area. Cratering can significantly reduce the armor's structural integrity, making it more vulnerable to further attacks.
Shock Effects
Even if penetration does not occur, the shockwave from the impact can affect the internal components of the tank, potentially causing damage to internal systems. This can compromise the operational capability of the vehicle, making it more vulnerable to further attacks or rendering it inoperable.
High Energy and Fragmentation
High-energy impacts can lead to shattering and fragmentation, even when penetration does not occur. This can be extremely dangerous for the crew, as fragments can cause significant injuries. A notable example is the Israeli modification of Kevlar backing for armor to catch flaking armor debris.
Sabot Shells and Internal Damage
Sabot shells, commonly used in modern tanks like the Abrams, can cause substantial damage even if they do not penetrate the armor. These shells can hit with such force that they dislodge rivets and other armor components, sending fragments hurtling at speeds of approximately 3950 feet per second. This can cause similar carnage inside the tank as dropping a grenade down the hatch, highlighting the importance of effective armor protection.
Understanding the outcomes of shell impacts is crucial for developing more effective tank designs and defensive strategies. By analyzing these effects, military engineers can enhance the survivability of their tanks and the safety of their crews.