The Hidden Heroes of the Civil Rights Movement: The Deacons for Defense and Justice
The conventional narrative of the Civil Rights Movement often focuses on non-violent protests, leaders like Martin Luther King Jr., and landmark legislation such as the Voting Rights Act of 1965. However, there is a lesser-known yet crucial element to this narrative—the armed self-defense group Deacons for Defense and Justice. This group played a pivotal role in ensuring the safety of civil rights activists during one of the most turbulent times in U.S. history.
Origins and Establishment
The Deacons for Defense and Justice was founded in November 1964, in the mill town of Jonesboro, Louisiana, during the height of the Civil Rights Movement. The organization was established to protect civil rights activists, their families, and the African-American community from white supremacist groups and discriminatory treatment under Jim Crow laws. The group's creation was a response to the increasing violence and intimidation by groups such as the KKK, who frequently operated outside the law.
Key Figures and Background
The organization's early efforts were led by Earnest Thomas and Fredrick Douglas Kirkpatrick, both of whom had military experience and a deep commitment to protecting their community. Thomas, a World War II veteran, became the group's leader, guiding a 20-man armed team that patrolled the neighborhoods to deter violence. Coretta Jackson served as the treasurer, supporting the group's operations. The Deacons placed stringent membership requirements, ensuring only older, married African-American men who had served in the military and were registered voters could join.
Roles and Impact
The Deacons were instrumental in ensuring the safety of civil rights activists. As a twenty-man armed group, they defused tensions by standing firm in the face of violence. One notable incident involved a KKK caravan that was planned to scare demonstrators and the African-American community. The Deacons showed up with loaded shotguns, and the KKK retreated, sparing a peaceful protest.
Collaboration and Defense
The Deacons collaborated closely with other non-violent civil rights organizations such as CORE and the NAACP. Their armed presence provided a crucial safeguard for civil rights workers, both black and white. For instance, when James Farmer needed protection during his work in Bogalusa, the Deacons ensured his safety during his speeches and protests.
Famous Incidents and Milestones
A key milestone was on July 8, 1966, when a black girl suffered head trauma during a rally. The Deacons intervened, and although the incident ended without arrests, it marked a significant shift in attitudes and behaviors. The Deacons also protected James Meredith during his solo march in 1966, ensuring his safety as he continued his journey for racial equality.
Challenges and Legacy
Though the Deacons were essential in the early 1960s, their success led to a decrease in the need for armed protection as the movement gained more legal protections and criminal indictments were made against the KKK. Today, the Deacons remain a symbol of strength and self-defense. Their legacy continues to influence discussions on black power and self-defense, and they are respected for their contribution to the Civil Rights Movement.
The Deacons for Defense and Justice serve as a reminder of the often untold stories that shaped the Civil Rights Movement. Their unwavering commitment and bravery in the face of violence continue to inspire and educate people today.