The Makers of Ancient Greek Temples: The Enterprising Colonists of Southern Italy
While much attention is often directed towards the grand ancient Greek temples exemplified by the Parthenon and Olympia, the best surviving examples of these architectural wonders are actually found in Southern Italy. These magnificent structures were not the work of the Greek mainland, but rather of the enterprising colonists who settled here during the 6th century and beyond.
The Colonization of Southern Italy
The history of colonizations in Southern Italy dates back to the Aeolic Greek settlers of the 8th century BC. However, it was the Dorians who played a significant role in the formation of numerous Greek cities in the region during the 6th century B.C. Under the leadership of figures like Archias, who established Sybaris and Thurii in the early part of the 6th century, these colonists brought with them not only their culture but also their architectural expertise.
The Construction of Greek Temples in Southern Italy
These enterprising colonists, drawn to the rich agricultural land and strategic positioning of Southern Italy, not only established thriving cities but also constructed numerous Greek temples. These temples were built in accordance with strict architectural principles and reflect the advanced engineering and artistic sensibilities of the time. Some of the best-preserved examples of these temples can be found in cities such as Paestum, Metapontum, and Crotone.
Paestum: A Prime Example
Paestum, known as Posidonia or Posidonia Jonica in ancient times, stands as a testament to the architectural achievements of these colonists. The city, established in 570 BC, is home to three of the best-preserved ancient Greek temples in the world. The largest and most well-known is the Temple of Hera (Doric order, 5th century B.C.), which features intricate detailing and has become an iconic symbol of both Paestum and the region. The Temple of Neptune and the Temple of Ceres also contribute to the city's rich historical and cultural heritage.
Architectural Styles and Innovations
The Greek temples found in Southern Italy are not merely a reflection of Greek architecture but are also a blend of local and foreign influences. These colonists adapted traditional Greek architectural styles, such as the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders, to fit both the local geography and their engineering prowess. Innovations such as the use of ashlar masonry (precisely cut stone blocks) and the development of advanced structural techniques allowed for the construction of impressive temple structures.
Preservation and Modern Attention
The Italian government and international organizations have dedicated efforts to preserving these ancient temples, ensuring their survival for future generations. Archaeological excavations, conservation efforts, and ongoing maintenance have helped to maintain the structural integrity and aesthetic beauty of these landmarks. The ancient Greek temples in Southern Italy are now not only tourist attractions but also focal points for academic study and cultural appreciation.
The Legacy of Greek Colonists in Southern Italy
The legacy of the Greek colonists extends far beyond the construction of these temples. They left a profound impact on the cultural, artistic, and urban development of Southern Italy. The architectural styles they introduced and the engineering techniques they employed have influenced the subsequent development of architecture in the region. The Greek language, culture, and traditions integrated into the local society, shaping the region's history and identity.
In conclusion, the Greek colonists of Southern Italy contributed greatly to the architectural landscape of the region. Their temples, while not originating from the Greek mainland, stand as testament to their ingenuity, architectural skill, and cultural influence. Exploring these ancient structures provides valuable insights into the rich history and ongoing legacy of the Greek colonists who shaped Southern Italy's ancient past.