The Naming and Early History of Canada's First Colony

Canada, a vast and diverse nation, has a long and rich history that traces back to the Indigenous peoples who named the land long before European exploration and colonization. Among the numerous early colonies in what would become Canada, the naming and history of the first English colony involves a fascinating blend of Indigenous knowledge and early European exploration. Let’s delve into the origins of Canada’s name and the story of its first colony.

The Origin of the Name “Canada”

Let’s start with the name “Canada.” It is believed that the term was derived from the Huron-Iroquois word “Kanata,” meaning “village” or “settlement.” French explorer Jacques Cartier initially encountered the term in 1535, when he heard about the route to a "village" known as Kanata. Despite this, Cartier used the word “Canada” to describe the entire area controlled by its chief, Donnacona. By 1547, the land north of the St. Lawrence River became known as Canada, and by 1616, the entire region was known as New France.

Cuper’s Cove: Newfoundland’s First English Colony

One of the earliest English attempts to establish a permanent settlement in Canada was at Cuper’s Cove, which is now known as Cupid. Established in 1610, this settlement was founded by Sir George Calvert, also known as Lord Baltimore. Cuper’s Cove was originally named after Calvert’s estate in England. However, it is worth noting that this colony did not survive long, as the harsh conditions and lack of support from England led to its decline.

Indigenous Terminology: Turtle Island

For many Indigenous peoples, the land now known as Canada is referred to as Turtle Island. This term originates from various Indigenous oral histories that depict a turtle holding the world on its back. Indigenous leaders and spiritual figures use this term to show their deep connection to the land and to acknowledge the teachings and stories passed down through generations.

Newfoundland: First English Overseas Colony

While there are differing opinions about which location holds the title of the first English colony in what would become Canada, the one that holds significant historical weight is Newfoundland. Discovered by John Cabot sailing for Henry VII of England in 1497, Newfoundland became a focal point for early English exploration and settlement attempts. However, the first official English colony in Newfoundland was not established until the early 17th century, with the founding of Cuper’s Cove.

Colonial Beginnings and Exploration

From the late 15th century, French and British expeditions explored, colonized, and fought over various places within North America. The claim of the area that would later become New France was made in 1534. However, permanent settlements began in 1608, when Samuel de Champlain founded Port Royal in Acadia and Fort Sainte-Marie in Quebec.

Colonial Administrative Rivalries

One of the early points of conflict between the French and British in North America was the colony of New France. The British established the Province of Nova Scotia in 1713, but the colony of New France persisted until the British victory in the Seven Years' War in 1763, when New France was ceded to Britain and became part of the larger British Empire.

Conclusion

The naming and early history of Canada’s first colony involve a rich tapestry of Indigenous knowledge and early European exploration. From the origins of the name “Canada” to the establishment of Cuper’s Cove, understanding these early periods provides a deeper appreciation for the complex and evolving nature of colonial history in North America.

For those looking to delve further into the history and naming conventions of early colonial settlements in Canada, key terms include “Canada,” “Jacques Cartier,” “Cuper’s Cove,” and “Turtle Island.” These terms provide a foundation for understanding the roots of one of the oldest continuously inhabited regions in North America.