The Myth of Brutalist Architecture and Concrete

Is all brutalist architecture constructed from concrete? Many common perceptions about brutalist architecture might lead you to believe that it is entirely concrete. However, the answer is more nuanced. While concrete is the material most associated with this architectural style, not all brutalist buildings are constructed from it. Let’s explore the history and characteristics of brutalism to dispel this myth.

Origins and Definition of Brutalism

Brutalism, derived from the French word 'brut,' meaning raw, is an architectural style that emerged in the mid-20th century. Characterized by its raw, geometric, and often imposing structures, brutalism has been associated with urban renewal projects and public housing. The term is often linked to the raw appearance of raw concrete, but this is not a strict prerequisite for the style.

Raw Concrete and the Pioneers of Brutalism

The use of rough and unfinished concrete was indeed a hallmark of early brutalist architecture. Architects such as Auguste Perret and Le Corbusier were influential in this regard. Auguste Perret's works, like the Centre Georges Pompidou by Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers, often featured this material. Le Corbusier's architecture, including the Unite d'Habitation in Marseille, similarly embraced raw concrete. The term 'beton brut' was used to describe this unfinished concrete, adding to the raw and unfinished aesthetic.

Is Concrete a Prerequisite for Brutalism?

While concrete is highly associated with brutalism, it is not the only material used in this architectural style. In fact, some of the most notable brutalist buildings were constructed from other materials. For instance, several brutalist buildings are built from brick, while others use timber, steel, and glass. These materials, when used in a brutalist style, can maintain the original aesthetic while offering a different texture and visual appeal.

The Role of Other Materials in Brutalism

Brick: Brick has been used in brutalist architecture, particularly in urban settings where brickwork adds durability and texture. The use of brick can offer a more complex and nuanced aesthetic without deviating from the brutalist principles. Examples of this include the Barbican Centre in London, a mix of concrete and brick, and the Farnsworth House in Illinois, despite lacking an overt concrete presence, still retains the brutalist architectural essence.

Timber and Steel: While timber and steel are not as commonly associated with brutalism as concrete, they can contribute to the brutalist aesthetic. Timber, with its raw and unfinished appearance, and steel with its industrial nature, can enhance the raw and unapologetic look of brutalist architecture. The rehabilitation of existing industrial buildings often involves using these materials to maintain the raw and unfinished look while providing necessary alterations.

glass: The use of glass, when incorporated in brutalist architecture, often serves to juxtapose the raw materials and add light and transparency. The Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, while not strictly considered brutalist, showcases a balance between concrete and glass, demonstrating how these materials can coexist and still achieve a brutalist aesthetic.

Conclusion

Brutalist architecture is a rich and diverse field that defies simplistic categorization. While concrete is a defining material of the style, it is not the sole material that defines brutalism. Brick, timber, steel, and glass can all contribute to the raw and imposing aesthetics that brutalist architecture is known for. The versatility of these materials showcases the adaptability and complexity of this architectural style.