Was 'A Midsummer Night’s Dream' Written by Shakespeare or Marlowe?
Long before any mention of Shakespeare or Marlowe, 'A Midsummer Night’s Dream' held a mysterious place in the annals of literature. The authorship of this iconic play has been a subject of debate among scholars and literature enthusiasts for centuries. Some maintain that William Shakespeare is the lone and definitive author, while others propose a collaboration or even suggest playwright Christopher Marlowe as a potential co-author. This article explores the evidence and arguments for both sides and seeks to uncover the truth behind the authorship of 'A Midsummer Night’s Dream.'
The Shakespearean Brilliance
William Shakespeare, the esteemed English playwright and poet, is widely recognized as one of the greatest figures in literature. 'A Midsummer Night’s Dream' is one of his most beloved works, known for its exploration of love, fantasy, and the whimsical deities of the forest. The play's synthesis of comedy and drama, its innovative use of language, and its rich, vivid characters make it a classic of the English canon.
The Marlowe Connection
Christopher Marlowe, a contemporary of Shakespeare, was a brilliant and influential playwright in his own right. Some scholars argue that Marlowe's influence can be seen in 'A Midsummer Night’s Dream,' particularly in the play's use of forest scenery and the complex interplay of characters. While Marlowe's life and works were marked by controversy and intrigue, his contributions to drama cannot be overlooked.
Historical Context and Evidence
The period in which 'A Midsummer Night’s Dream' was written (estimated between 1590 and 1596) was a time of significant cultural and intellectual change in England. Both Shakespeare and Marlowe were active during this era, and the influence of one on the other is a subject of ongoing scholarly interest. However, while Marlowe's works hinted at the fantastical and the supernatural, 'A Midsummer Night’s Dream' is a more pure and refined example of the Elizabethan genre.
The Authorship Controversy
The debate over the authorship of 'A Midsummer Night’s Dream' has its roots in the broader discussion about Shakespeare's knowledge of classical literature and his ability to incorporate diverse influences. Some scholars argue that Marlowe's works show a deeper understanding of the themes and settings of 'A Midsummer Night’s Dream,' suggesting a collaboration between the two playwrights. However, the lack of concrete evidence for this collaboration remains a significant hurdle for proponents of this idea.
Evidence and Argument
Shakespearean Shadow
Shakespeare's unique style and vocabulary are evident in 'A Midsummer Night’s Dream.' The play's intricate plot, its exploration of confusion and clarity in love, and the fantastical world of the forest are all hallmarks of his work. Scholars point to the specific language and metaphors used in the play, which align with the patterns found in Shakespeare's other works. For instance, the play's exploration of dreams and reality is a common Shakespearean theme, exemplified in works like 'Much Ado About Nothing' and 'The Tempest.'
Marlowe's Influence
On the other hand, Marlowe's influence can be seen in the play's setting and the way it handles fantastical elements. The vivid depictions of the forest and the whimsical deities echo Marlowe's works, such as 'Tamburlaine' and 'The Tragedy of Doctor Faustus.' Some scholars suggest that Marlowe's exposure to the works of classical and medieval playwrights might have informed 'A Midsummer Night’s Dream,' lending it an element of scholarly richness. However, this influence has yet to be proven conclusively.
Modern Perspectives
Recent scholarship has shifted towards a more nuanced view of authorship. Instead of viewing Shakespeare and Marlowe as rivals or collaborators, some scholars see their works as part of a vibrant and interconnected literary tradition. The true beauty of 'A Midsummer Night’s Dream,' in this perspective, lies in its ability to combine the strengths of different authors and influences, thus creating a work that is greater than the sum of its parts.
Conclusion
'A Midsummer Night’s Dream' remains a testament to the genius of its author. While the debate over who wrote it first, Shakespeare or Marlowe, continues, the play itself stands as a masterpiece of English literature. Regardless of its actual authorship, 'A Midsummer Night’s Dream' is a powerful exploration of love, fantasy, and the power of the human imagination. As we continue to study and appreciate this work, we are left with a rich tapestry of literary influence and linguistic brilliance that speaks to the enduring nature of Shakespearean and Marlowean art.