Will Moving Water Freeze in Pipes in the Winter?
Common misconceptions often arise when it comes to the preservation of water in cold conditions. While it is true that standing water typically freezes at 0°C (32°F), moving water may not follow this rule. This blog post aims to clarify the unique behaviors of flowing and stationary water in freezing conditions, providing valuable insights for various climates and water systems.
Overcoming the Freezing Point
Belief in the notion that moving water cannot freeze is deeply rooted in practical experience. One of the most striking examples comes from the awe-inspiring Niagara Falls, which froze completely for a period of 30 hours during a remarkable event in 1848. This demonstrates that under extreme conditions, even flowing water can indeed freeze.
The Impact of Cold Temperatures
Water freezes at 0°C (32°F) under standard atmospheric conditions. However, this can change depending on the ambient temperature. Much like the temperatures in Antarctica, where moving water can still freeze, the freezing point of water can be influenced by the severity of the cold. In the UK and other regions with milder winters, water may only need to drop a few degrees below freezing for pipe burst concerns to arise.
Understanding the Physics of Frozen Pipes
Moving water in pipes, such as a dripping tap, offers a semblance of 'protection' against freezing due to the constant flow. A consistent current keeps the water from stagnating and thus slows down the freezing process. According to Scientific American, the flow of water around a pipe's wall is such that the temperature of the water at the pipe walls stays above 0°C until the temperature of the surrounding air drops significantly.
It's important to understand that the presence of moving water does not completely protect against freezing. Under severe cold, the water can still freeze, albeit much more slowly. It's crucial to know the specific conditions in your region to ensure proper insulation and heating of pipes during cold spells.
Practical Examples of Moving Water Survival
Water can exist and flow in liquid form below its freezing point, and this principle is harnessed in various applications. The process of making ice cubes in home ice machines relies on flowing water and cooling elements. In these machines, water continuously flows over a cold surface, turning to ice on the cold plate. Once a certain thickness of ice accumulates, the plate's temperature changes, releasing the ice sheet, which is then cut into cubes.
Similarly, rivers and streams demonstrate how moving water can prevent total freezing. When a surface layer of a river or stream freezes due to contact with freezing air, it actually serves as an insulator for the water below, preventing a full freeze. The water below remains liquid as long as the depth is sufficient to keep the core warm enough. However, in smaller, shallower streams, the ice completely forms, and the water below ceases to flow.
Protecting Pipes and Plumbing Systems
Homeowners and businesses in cold climates face the challenge of preventing pipes from freezing. Methods of protection include insulation, heating tapes, and allowing a small, consistent flow of water to keep pipes from freezing. Heating systems and thermostats can also play a crucial role in maintaining adequate temperature throughout the night.
Conclusion
While standing water freezes readily at 0°C, moving water can withstand colder temperatures due to the constant flow reducing the likelihood of stagnation and subsequent freezing. However, this doesn't mean that moving water is completely immune to freezing. Understanding the conditions and applying appropriate measures such as insulation and heating can help prevent water pipes from freezing and bursting in cold weather.